Enteritis - The Misdiagnosis

Acute Enteritis, in most cases is defined as a condition of inflammation of the small intestine as a result of eating and drinking contaminated water and foods infected by virus and bacteria. But according to the study by the University Hospital Aintree, chronic radiation enteritis is an increasing problem, as more patients receive radiotherapy as part of their cancer therapy and as the long-term survival of these patients improves(a). Other study indicated that acute radiation enteritis is almost inevitable in the curative treatment of malignant tumors of the abdomen and pelvic area. It is frequently a self-limiting disorder of intestinal function associated with reversible mucosal changes of the intestine(b). The prevalence of the disease although is decreasing, it still affects millions (approx 1 in 83 or 1.20% or 3.3 million people in USA ) of people in the U.S alone, according to the statistic. Chronic enteritis is a condition of inflammation caused by other health conditions, such as Crohn's or celiac disease.
A. Misdiagnosis
1. Primary NK/T cell lymphoma
Primary natural killer (NK) cell like T cell lymphoma of the terminal ileum is extremely rare. It most frequently occurs in the nasal or paranasal areas and less frequently in the skin, the soft tissue, and the gastrointestinal tract. NK/T cell lymphoma involving gastrointestinal tract has characteristic endoscopic features of Inflammatory bowel disease. According to the study by the Hallym University College of Medicine, there is a case of primary NK/T cell lymphoma misdiagnosed as Behcet's enteritis of the terminal ileum colonoscopically and complicated by cecal bleeding and perforation(30).

2. Acute appendicitis
Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of urgent surgery in children. Bacterial enteritis limited to the ileocecal region appears to be responsible for an appreciable number of unnecessary appendectomies. On the other hand, diagnostic errors in appendicitis may delay early appendectomy and result in the formation of appendiceal mass(31).

3. Acute abdomen pain
Enteritis cystica profunda, an uncommon condition, is characterized by nonneoplastic cystic spaces within the wall of the small bowel. The third case of enteritis cystica profunda in children is presented with special emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. This rare entity may mimic acute abdomen and should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis(32).

4. Others
Eosinophilic enteritis is a rare condition of unknown aetiology, although it is generally believed to be due to intestinal allergy. It may mimic peptic ulcer, subacute (or chronic) intestinal obstruction, gastroenteritis, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. According to the study by, there is a case of Eosinophilic enteritis in a 27 year old woman the symptoms of which appeared within six weeks of childbirth. With repeated episodes of abdominal pain, vomiting, occasional loose stools with weight loss, she was investigated and treated for many weeks in three hospitals without success. All investigations were inconclusive. Finally laparotomy revealed inflamed segments of small bowel, a biopsy of which showed Eosinophilic enteritis. The patient was subsequently treated successfully with Prednisolone(33).

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Sources 
(30) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21694489
(31) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15700692
(32) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9676400
(33) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12744585

Pterostilbene antioxidant activity and disease modification

Human aging is a biological process, no one can stop, but delay it. It is possible that one person looks younger than his or her biological if one engages in healthy living life style and eating healthily by increasing the intake of good healthy food such as whole grain, fruits, vegetables, beans and legumes, etc. and reducing the consumption of harmful foods, such as saturated fat, trans fat, artificial ingredients, etc.
Pterostilbene is a phytochemical in the class of Stilbenoids, found abundantly in grapes, blueberries, etc.
Pterostilbene antioxidant activity and disease modification
According to the study by the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, Pterostilbene (trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxystilbene) is a natural dietary compound and the primary antioxidant component of blueberries. It has increased bioavailability in comparison to other stilbene compounds, which may enhance its dietary benefit and possibly contribute to a valuable clinical effect. Multiple studies have demonstrated the antioxidant activity of pterostilbene in both in vitro and in vivo models illustrating both preventative and therapeutic benefits. The antioxidant activity of pterostilbene has been implicated in anticarcinogenesis, modulation of neurological disease, anti-inflammation, attenuation of vascular disease, and amelioration of diabetes(5).
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Sources
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23691264

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Diet - What Works

Guested Author:   David M Wilson 

PCOS, or polycystic ovarian syndrome, causes formation of cysts along the ovaries due to a hormonal disorder. While certain factors seem to assist in its development, such as an excess of insulin (another hormone), the exact cause is unknown. Insulin assists the body in using glucose for energy and can also store the glucose in fat for later use. Because of this, some experts believe that eating a particular diet might help PCOS symptoms improve, especially if the diet manipulates carbohydrate intake in some way. Carbohydrates are used in the body primarily as glucose.
Many diets today list carbohydrates as either "good" or "bad" and help you make the distinction by long lists of foods to avoid or eat in abundance. Wouldn't it be easier to eat a natural polycystic ovarian syndrome diet? By this we mean not cutting out certain foods or following fad diets.
A good PCOS diet plan has several features that make it work. First off, start by realizing that all foods are needed as part of a healthy diet. Does that mean you can go wild on carbohydrates? No. But you should enjoy them in moderation as part of an overall meal plan.
Work on enjoying carbohydrates higher in fiber, which helps slow down the release of the glucose stored in the food. It makes the food last longer in your body and reduces the amount of insulin produced. Find the fiber content on the food label and shoot for foods with 4 or more grams per serving.
Second, aim for healthy lean protein. Cut out fatty cuts of meat and ground beef if you are able. Ground chuck or ground sirloin are much healthier and provide a good balance to your newfound high fiber intake. Try new ideas with beans, legumes, eggs and soy! All are great sources of protein. Protein helps keep you balanced and your energy levels high. Eat moderate amounts of lean protein at each meal and you will also feel full longer.
Third, watch the fats. Try to use omega-3 or omega-6 fats such as olive oil or canola oil. Enjoy nuts and seeds a few times a week for a healthy heart but keep the portions under control. Fat is fat whether it is heart healthy or not! It can still pack on the pounds.
Fourth and finally, get that rainbow in every day. Eat different colored fruits and vegetables as much as possible. You can use fresh, frozen or canned; just remember if you use canned vegetables to rinse the vegetables well. Canned fruit should be in light syrup.
They can be healthy options for those who don't have enough fridge or freezer space or simply don't want the hassle of fruit and vegetable preparation. Fresh is still best though! Fruits and vegetables are technically carbohydrates and will raise insulin levels so be careful not to go overboard, especially on fruit.
A healthy polycystic ovary syndrome diet doesn't have to be a pain. With a few simple changes and a plan in place you could reduce symptoms, lose weight and feel great!

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Primary epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and body mass index (BMI)

Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat has accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese. Clinically Overweight and obesity are defined indicators of a disease process characterized by the accumulation of body fat due to an excess of energy intake (nutritional intake) relative to energy expenditure (physical activity)(a). 
The ovaries are oval shaped ovum-producing reproductive organ in part of a woman's reproductive system connected to the fallopian tubes and attached to the outer layer of the uterus via the ovarian ligament. Usually, the left and right ovary takes turn to release an egg every month.
Primary epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and body mass index (BMI)
In the study to evaluate the operative and clinical outcome in patients operated to treat primary epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) according to their body mass index (BMI) of three hundred six patients, 40.2% were classified as overweight; 87 (28.4%) had a BMI of 25-30 kg/m(2) and 36 (11.8%) had a BMI of ≥30 kg/m(2), showed that no statistically significant differences regarding tumor-related characteristics and comorbidities existed between normal-weight and overweight patients. Median operation time was significantly longer (P = 0.024) in overweight versus normal-weight patients (280 min; range 40-529 vs. 257 min; range 32-592, respectively). Complete tumor resection rates were equivalent between the two patient groups (68.6% vs. 72.5%; P = 0.543) with similar median overall and progression-free survival in both groups (43 vs. 42 months and 21 vs. 17.8 months, respectively). Operative morbidity was also not significantly different between the two groups. By comparable morbidity, operative procedures were similar between normal-weight and overweight patients, apart from higher intestinal and diaphragmatic resection rates in the overweight patients (61% vs. 43.7%; P = 0.004 and 24.4% vs. 14.2%; P = 0.034). In multivariate analysis, BMI of ≥25 kg/m(2) did not reveal any prognostic significance in respect of survival, operative morbidity, and complete tumor resection(7).
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 Sources
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394662 

Black Cod Recipes

Guested Author:   Allie Moxley 

Wild Alaska black cod or sablefish, is quickly becoming the fish de jour amongst top chefs. The fish is known for its velvety, smooth flavor, its delicate, supple texture and rich oil content. The meat is soft and tender, and melts in your mouth. Given these characteristics, black cod lends itself to a wide variety of cooking methods and styles. Whether you give it an Oriental twist with a miso based marinade, or if you add a little Mediterranean flavor, poaching it with olive oil and thyme, this cod is sure to be a hit in any household. In this article, we discuss the diverse range of black cod recipes, giving you tips and advice on how to get the best flavor out of this exquisite fish.
Alaska black cod is low in calories and is an excellent source of protein and essential nutrients. In fact, it contains up to 50% more omega-3 fatty oils than salmon. With its moist, tender flake, Alaska cod can be baked, poached, steamed, sauted and even fried. It also makes a choice ingredient for seafood chowders, salads and wraps. Its unique, mild flavor goes well with a variety sauces and flavored butters as well.
An Asian Accent
Many black cod recipes utilize the fragrant, rich ingredients of Asia to accompany the fish's mild flavor. The internationally renowned chef Nobu Matsuhisa's black cod recipe with miso is exquisite-in fact, it's one of actor Robert De Niro's favorite dishes. To make it combine sake mirin, white miso paste, and a little sugar to form the marinade. Marinate the cod filets overnight. When ready, lightly grill the filets on each side until the surface turns brown. Finally, transfer the filets to the oven and bake for an additional 10-15 minutes. Garnish the filets with green vegetables and a few drops of the marinade. Another similar recipe comes from acclaimed Iron Chef Masaharu morimoto. His dish uses a combination of sake, fresh ginger, sugar, soy sauce, tamari and mirin. Pour the sake into a deep skillet, add the ginger and the cod filets; cook over high heat for 3 minutes; add the sugar and cook over medium heat for another three minutes. Add the soy sauce and the tamari; cook for five minutes then add the mirin. Pour the sauce over the fish to create a sweet glaze. Transfer to a plate and enjoy.
Baked and Broiled
Other black cod recipes involve lightly marinating the fish and baking it alongside vegetables. Chef Laurent Tourondel marinates his cod with a mesmerizing mix of acacia honey, grape seed oil, soy sauce, and white wine vinegar. The cod is broiled and then served with sauted spinach. You might also enjoy the cod roasted with leeks, onions and cider butter. Or try it with olives and potatoes; season the fish with lemon, olive oil and oregano and bake it in the oven with potatoes. It's simple yet delicious.
There are many black cod recipes out there. Try out different recipes and find the one that suits you best. Then try your own variations. Black cod lends itself to experimentation - don't be afraid to get creative.

There are plenty of different ways to prepare Alaskan seafood. The Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute has great recipes to help you create the perfect dish.

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Genetically modified rice expressing Cry1Ab protein (Bacillus thuringiensis toxin) in Wistar rats

Health risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under debate throughout the world, and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological studies with mammals.
The Con's of GMOs include consumer and health groups, grain importers from European Union (EU) countries, organic farmers, environmentalists, concerned scientists, ethicist, religious rights groups, food advocacy groups, some politicians and trade protectionists
The Pro's of GMOs include private industries, research scientists, some consumers, U.S. farmers and regulatory agencies.
Here are some of their studies, please make sure you understand the intention of their differentiation.
A 90-day safety study of genetically modified rice expressing Cry1Ab protein (Bacillus thuringiensis toxin) in Wistar rats
In an animal model study to assess the safety assessment of genetically modified foods as part of the SAFOTEST project on Wistar rats, the transgenic KMD1 rice expressing Cry1Ab protein was compared to its non-transgenic parental wild type, Xiushui 11, showed that there is no adverse or toxic effects of KMD1 rice when tested in the design used in this 90-day study. Nevertheless the experiences from this study lead to the overall conclusion that safety assessment for unintended effects of a GM crop cannot be done without additional test group(s)(75). 
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Sources
(75) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050059 

Amylin level and gastric emptying in obese children: before and after weight loss

Amylin, a peptide hormone converted from Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP, amylin) secreted from pancreatic islet beta-cells, plays a role in glycemic regulation by inhibiting glucagon secretion, delaying gastric emptying, and acting as a satiety agent.(a).
  Amylin level and gastric emptying in obese children: before and after weight loss
Amylin is a neuroendocrine hormone that inhibits food intake and gastric emptying in animal studies. In the study of 20 obese children, 10 of them only continued 6 months follow up strategy on WLIP and ten lean children served as controls to estimate the fasting and postprandial amylin levels in obese children before and after weight loss [through weight loss intervention program (WLIP)] and to relate these levels to the lipid profile, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and ultrasonography gastric half emptying time (t1/2), indicated that IR, significantly increased in fasting and postprandial amylin levels and significant delay in gastric emptying among obese children. After WLIP completion, IR was reversible, fasting and postprandial amylin levels decreased and gastric emptying significantly improved yet still significantly delayed than controls. There was significant positive correlation between fasting amylin levels and body mass index %, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR(15).
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Sources  

Sources
(a) http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/53/suppl_3/S233.full     
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23214220